September 28, 2013 – Final
Ladakh Reflections
I write from the oppressive heat and humidity of Delhi,
after having been in Ladakh for about five weeks. The overcast and drizzling weather in Leh on
my last day (probably only the second time it’s rained here in 35 days) remind
me that all good things must come to an end.
As I walked into town from my house in Upper Sankar, Ladakhis were
quickly trying to cover the barley piles that were drying so leisurely in the
fields. I am really happy I took the
time to walk up to the Palace and Castle Tsermo yesterday when it was clear,
blue skies and sunshine. I was
definitely not ready to leave though. This
is without a doubt one of the most magical places on the planet. As I’ve described in previous posts, the
landscape is breathtakingly stunning and the people are so friendly. Things come (relatively) easy here: I can
walk around alone at night without feeling threatened; I feel a degree of
independence and autonomy that I didn’t feel in Tanzania; one doesn’t have to
constantly worry about being scammed or harassed by touts; I’ve managed without
a mobile phone because people gladly lend me theirs; I didn’t have to empty my
water bottle or take off my belt/shoes at the Leh airport (this may sound
simple and silly, but it just attests to the relative effortlessness of things
in Ladakh). Among many aspects, I am
going to miss the Ladakhi toilets (seriously!
composting, just a hole in the ground with no water), the labyrinth of
footpaths weaving through town, the donkeys and cows that parade through the
streets, and the crisp and cool air that lends itself well to running,
sleeping, and just generally existing. Although
my various visits and interviews have required a fair amount of tenacity and
persistence, they were relatively easy to arrange. Leh is a small community and everyone seems
to know everyone else here, which helps.
For instance, I was trying to track down a man named Abdul
Mateen who I read about in an article where he was referred to as “the man who
brought the agricultural machine to Ladakh.”
The author wrote, “Abdul Mateen is a pioneer who has introduced modern
methods in agriculture since 1992, thereby bringing a revolution in
agricultural practices in Ladakh. Through his work he has improved the lives of
thousands of people living in Ladakh.”
Naturally, I was determined to find him.
I emailed the website that posted the article and got in touch with the
author, but he had since lost touch with Mr. Mateen. I began showing random people his photo,
asking if they recognized him. No one
seemed to know and one person even said, “oh he’s not even from Ladakh. Definitely from Kashmir.” I was ready to give up hope when I was
volunteering to help build an NGO’s website (Leh Nutrition Project) and I
showed his photo to one of the administrators.
He piped up that he went to school with Mr. Mateen and rushed off to get
his contact information. I was given the
phone number of his brother, who I called and finally got a hold of Mr. Mateen
himself. It was a struggle, but I can’t
think of a better way to have spent my last day in Leh. I met Mr. Mateen for breakfast, we had an
interview translated by his niece, and then he drove me back to his village
(Choglamsar) to show me the tractor, grass cutter, disc plough and other
machines he has acquired over the years.
Some highlights from our interview include:
- After first introducing the tractor and mechanized thresher to Ladakh in 1992, it took 3-4 years for people to really accept the technologies. He first disseminated them to his family and friends, who promoted them to their own circles.
- In 1993, he went to a training in Haryana, Punjab at a government institute where he learned how to use and drive the tractor, as well as attaching equipment. When the machines he first brought to Ladakh failed, he didn’t give up hope and instead brought them back to Punjab to modify the parts and size to be more appropriate for Ladakh’s small fields.
- Today, he is a dealer for the BCS company in Ludhiana, Punjab for which he sells grass cutters to the government, which then sells them to Ladakhis at a subsidized rate. The grass cutters are very multipurpose and can be modified to harvest alfalfa, wheat, and barley. He brings parts back with him, ensuring that the machines can be repaired locally in Leh. BCS recently paid for his visit to Italy where he had the opportunity to observe European agriculture at the company’s headquarters.
- He stands by his motivation to help fellow Ladakhi farmers by making agriculture less burdensome and time intensive and hopes to attract youth back to the land by introducing mechanization to the fields and reducing drudgery.
With Abdul Mateen, the "man who brought the agricultural machine to Ladakh"
Reading the article here
During my time in Ladakh, I was able to accomplish many
things including:
·
2
week homestay/farm volunteering in the village of Likir with the Tongol family (harvesting
and threshing barley, harvesting and shelling peas)
·
Visited
and worked with the NGO “Leh Nutrition Project”
o
Visited
village of Egu and attended a community meeting on the artificial glacier
project (20 leaders from each of the six hamlets discussed implantation cost,
dates of construction etc.) and visited the proposed site
o
Helped
compile and edit text for the new LNP website
o
Interviewed
the project coordinator for the Improved Farm-based Livelihood Project
·
Interviewed
Mr. Chewang Norphel Mahey (retired Civil Engineer and designer of the
Artificial Glacier)
·
Interviewed
the Secretary of the Association of Farmers’ Cooperative Societies of Ladakh
·
Interviewed
a representative of the Ladakh Development Foundation, which implemented the “Thresher
Project” (small gas/kerosene powered portable machines) and visited the nearby
village of Matho to see the thresher.
·
Visited
the Ladakh Ecological Development Group (LEDeG) and spoke briefly with the man
who works on the Watershed Development Project (planning to survey water use in
Leh, document and register the number of borehole wells being drilled etc. for
sustainable aquifer management)
·
Visited
the local government (Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC)) and interviewed
the Chief Executive Councilor for Agriculture
·
Visited
the Ladakh Organic Farmers Foundation in the nearby village of Chuchot,
interviewed the founder, and toured/saw an excellent demonstration of
technologies such as solar powered water pump, trench, compost pits, three
types of greenhouses, agricultural laboratory, passive solar etc.
·
Visited
Gopuk Government Demonstration Farm
·
Visited
the Women’s Alliance of Ladakh and spoke briefly with the President and Vice
President (they do training on organic and cooperative farming; seed saving
activities)
·
Visited
the Ladakh Environment and Health Organisation and interviewed the
founder/director (currently collaborating with the Hill Council and Vandana
Shiva’s Navdanya on “Organic Ladakh” strategic plan and continuing work on
passive solar greenhouses)
·
Interviewed
Tsewang Rigzin Lagrook (the famous 87 year old Ladakhi horticulturalist)
·
Visited
the French NGO “GERES” (Groupe Energies Renouvelables Environement et
Solidarites), which is doing work on passive solar greenhouses
·
And
visited/spoke with the owner of a local tour agency, Demazong Travels, which
runs agricultural tours of Ladakh
Based on my interview questions,
there were general themes that came out.
After a combination of countless phone calls, bus rides/hitch hiking,
kilometers walked, and language struggles, the following highlighted responses and
poignant quotations paint a rather vivid and comprehensive picture of the past,
present, and future of Ladakh’ agriculture:
·
Seeds
including GMOs in feeding the world’s growing population
·
According to the 29 year old founder of the
Ladakh Organic Farmers Foundation, Zubair Ahmad, “hybrid seed is not good for
the future. Now the agriculture
department subsidizes hybrid, but this is not sustainable in long term”
(assuming that the subsidies aren’t permanent).
Moreover, I would say that if farmers become dependent on hybrids, this
is quite negative because they are unable to save and reproduce them each
year. Thus, if local seeds are
surrendered, then farmers could ultimately be left seedless. Zubair also noted that “GMOs in Punjab are a
problem. Climate, raining problem etc.
and my suggestion is that the government should help farmers with crop
insurance [not seed subsidies]. Insect,
pest, and climate insurance is most important, and government and private
companies should provide, depending on good service, though insurance is only
one concept.”
·
Agricultural
mechanization and technology
·
Dr. Deen on the notion of appropriate technology:
“My understanding is that if you go to an area, based on the village potential
and resources, we have technology to use these resources in the best way. Those technologies, I feel, are appropriate. For example, in Ladakh, the old system of
sowing or using the bull ox for plowing, and our water mills, these were good
in the old days. Today, they’re not
applicable because more efficient things have come. So appropriate technology, whatever
technology you take to the village should be 1) suitable to the village and fit
into the system. For example, the
greenhouses are an appropriate technology because they can be used in every
village and they can produce what they like…Something that suits the area and
fits into the existing system. This is
good, we should focus on bringing in more appropriate technology.”
·
Maintenance and upkeep of agricultural
technology is key. Mr. Kalon from the
Farmers’ Cooperative Society, however, astutely noted that “When the government
comes, it comes in a big way. I would
call what they do ‘dumping’ technology with no care. And people say, why should we care? The government will give us new systems when
these break down [which doesn’t actually happen]. So later on, the villagers cease to pay. Maintenance and support is the problem.” In contrast, the Ladakh Development Group
(based in North Carolina) has come back every year since 2006 to check up with
the local farmers to whom they’ve distributed small threshers. These threshers are advantageous in that they
are built locally in Ladakh and can also be repaired in Leh. The foundation teaches local people about
repair and maintenance. In contrast, Mr.
Mateen’s grass cutter, disc plough, etc. originate in Punjab, though they can
indeed be repaired in Ladakh. There are tradeoffs
to this but it seems that as long as repair can be done locally and parts can
successfully be shipped, then it’s okay.
·
In conjunction with the theories of appropriate
technology, agricultural machines should be suited to the local
environment. Zubair Ahmad said, “if you
include modern [machines], it’s successful. No chemicals but include modern
technology. It’s good to modify Punjab
technology to be appropriate for Ladakh environment (e.g. spade).” And this is exactly what Abdul Mateen did by
bringing in machinery from Punjab and modifying it (essentially making it
smaller) to fit with Ladakh’s tiny land holdings and terraced fields.
·
Organic
versus conventional/synthetic inputs
·
Fortunately, the use of chemical inputs is
relatively limited in Ladakh. This is
because of the naturally pest-free environment (dry and cool). Thus, synthetic pesticides are almost
non-existent. Weeding is done by hand
and the few inputs that are used come in the form of DAP and Urea fertilizers,
mainly due to manure shortages and government subsidies.
·
Regardless, strategic planning should still be
conducted on the future of agriculture at the regional level. For instance, Dr. Deen explained the “Organic
Ladakh Project” (LEHO in collaboration with Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development
Council and Navdanya). They are planning
to collect data on land and water availability, topography of villages etc. and
through consultancy with experts (“not government people”), they will then determine
how to use the land most effectively. He
explained, “The whole idea is that right now the Ladakh economy is based on
tourism, easy money, and the army…But then, if you look from this angle –
tourism, army, government money etc. it is not sustainable. We cannot think this far into the future –
the food security act [for heavily subsidized grains etc.] can only last for so
long before the government has to change.
Tourism, we don’t know how it is going to be in the future. If there is peace in the country or on the
border, the army will be reduced. The
future is uncertain. At least we should
have a clear future plan of how Ladakh’s economy can be land-based for the
future for which we have great potential.
And we have already started data collection and analysis and second is
raising awareness among the whole population on organic farming. This transfer of barren land to cultivated
should be organic for long term sustainability.”
·
The Secretary of the Farmers’ Cooperative Society
had a somewhat more pessimistic view on the future of organic in Ladakh, noting
how, “Everybody is watching for organic, but it’s very difficult because goat
and sheep manure is best for the farm.
But children are becoming educated and getting government jobs. Like everyone in the world, they want to come
settle in town. So animals can’t be
taken for grazing. And the government
says they support organic, but it’s difficult.
We need chemical fertilizers because there’s not enough manure. Some people have taken to composting, but it
hasn’t become very popular; it’s confined to very few people (socially hasn’t
caught on). And man power is very scarce
here.” And regarding traditional
Ladakhi-style composting toilets, he claimed that “it’s not fully composted. It doesn’t rot very well or become a full
compost because not given enough time.
In fact, if you discuss with a doctor, it’s half composted – one of the
main reasons for the spread of disease in Ladakh. This is the most convenient way to dispose of
waste in Ladakh – flush toilets are only for tourists. Compost from human waste is not high enough
quality and is a problem of quantity as well.”
·
Role of
the government
·
In preparation for my brief interview with the
Hill Council’s Sonam Dorjay, I looked over the basics of LAHDC’s “Vision 2025”
document. This development plan hopes
to: “integrate old with new and cope with resource decline; promote traditional
Ladakhi agriculture; food processing for value addition; capitalize on organic
potential by looking into certification and external markets; and explore more
profitable activities such as horticulture (but not ignore local food
security).” Sonam explained how the
government is planning for the “Ladakh economy is to be based on agriculture, a
priority of the Hill Council would be promoting agriculture because of the view
that all other sources of income for people of Ladakh are temporary (tourism,
army, other sectors). Tourism may not be
here tomorrow, and if the relationship with Ladakh’s neighbors improves, then
the army may not be here tomorrow. So
sources of income are temporary and we need to search for a permanent income in
agriculture. Wheat and barley are not fetching
good prices, so we are going toward cash crops (vegetables and fruits), and we
are focusing our attention on organic farming so that we have the best health
and handsome prices for organic products.”
(Side note: he used the phrases “fetch handsome prices” and “find
markets” about 60 times in our 20 minute interview)
·
Before hearing this somewhat contrived spiel
from the Hill Council, my interview with the Farmers’ Cooperative Society
revealed a somewhat contradictory message: the role of the government is
small. Compared to the U.S. and the EU,
the agricultural subsidies are negligible and most government funding goes into
infrastructure such as building roads.
Vegetable seeds are subsidized in very small quantities, but the
government contribution won’t be much.
Hybrid seeds, yes. The government
does provide to a small number of people, selectively and gradually, the
introduction of technology such as brush cutters, harvesters, which has
happened recently and the threshing machine, they subsidize. But only 2-3 members per village on the
recommendation of the village head.”
·
Role of
cooperatives and cooperation
·
At the village level, farmers could come
together to qualify for organic certification
·
In my interview with Phuntsog Wangchuk Kalon,
the current Secretary of the Association of Farmers’ Cooperative Societies of
Ladakh, whose father was the founder, Mr. Kalon explained the role of the
society: The cooperative society is totally independent from the government and
the main objective is to market produce to the military directly, eliminating
middle men. It provides vegetables,
fodder, and milk to the army. It was
founded in 1964 by 3-4 members (including his father). “In our case, we get a special sanction from
the government of India that only the farmers’ cooperative society will deal
with the army” (instead of in a bidding/contract system). According to Mr. Kalon, in India, producer
only gets 25% of what the consumer pays (maximum), but “In our case, farmers
get 100% of what the consumer (military) pays.”
Different villages have their own cooperatives and this is the main
cooperative, the blanket organization that deals with all central government
issues. The association consists of six
vegetable cooperatives and 9-10 for milk and fodder, though it’s apparently
hard to say how many farmers are members because only some register. He estimated that about 30% of Ladakh farmers
are involved in the cooperative. I asked
him about the major obstacles for the cooperative society and he said, “India
is corrupt. They (the government?) don’t
want cooperatives because it means they won’t get money. Cooperatives aren’t run for money but for the
welfare of the common farmer, but authorities want to make contracts to get
money. Contracting agencies are not
interested because they can’t get their cut from our business…We have to fight
at the social level with public pressure and the government can’t do much. A column in the government sanction says,
with the bidding system, there should be competition among the cooperative
societies. So all the societies have bid
the same price. With the support of the
farmers, we said that everyone is going to bid only one rate. Competition leads to farmers suffering. So contracting agencies can’t do much about what
we’re doing. Rules are very stringent
and dogmatic. They say we should be
bidding but we only bid one rate. We’ve
figured out how to get out of the system by playing by the rules. There’s nothing they can do about it. But because money is not involved, people
don’t want to do it [cooperative work].
The taste money has come very recently to Ladakh. But there are so many committed people who
live simple lives and cannot be tempted by money. But its’ a country of paradoxes. Our society is a marketing cooperative only
[[i.e. the farmers aren’t working together in the fields or buying shared
implements]].” He went onto explain a
recent interaction with Pepsi, which wanted his farmers to grow potatoes for
their chips. He agreed, but only under
the condition that Pepsi works with the society as a whole, not individual
farmers. Unsurprisingly, Pepsi did
business with them for only one year, then left. Mr. Kalon claimed that they probably felt
uncomfortable and pressure dealing with a group.
·
Post-harvest
processing, cold storage, and value added products; marketing and
transportation
·
Post-harvest processing, storage, and value
addition are crucial to developing agricultural markets. For instance, Ladakh has started drying and
making jams and juices out of apricots, as well as seabuckthorn juice and
medicinal plants, all of which are niche products that can command a high
profit. However, as Dr. Deen again so
eloquently put, “it has to be international standard value addition –
cleanliness, presentation, etc. There is
a lot of potential to bring money. But there
has to be market linkage.”
·
Nutrition,
food security and population growth (e.g. yield increase versus waste
management)
·
The
PDS system of subsidized grain and food rations is good and helpful in the
short term, especially because Ladakh does not produce enough to feed its
entire population at this point.
However, it is discouraging farmers from growing their own food and
encouraging dependence on the rations.
Because the government may not subsidize grains forever, this creates a
precarious situation in which people are moving away from the land. This was summed up nicely by Mr. Kalon:
“Population growth is the trend everywhere, including Leh. Right now, if we were supposed to feed our
people from our grains for one year, we just have enough to feed 30-40% of the
population from our own resources.
People are leaving agriculture. PDS
and rations are necessary but it’s a vicious cycle. People prefer rations and because this, they
are leaving agriculture and our own profession is dying out, so they’ll need
more rations. It’s a contradiction.”
·
Increasing yields: extensive or
intensive farming?
The potential for converting barren land
into agriculturally productive land is enormous. But should we focus on this aspect of
agriculture? It’s a complicated debate
in that some people say we need to improve yields on existing farmland and not
focus on turning every free piece of Earth into cultivatable land (land use
changes, deforestation, and agriculture all contribute hugely to climate
change). While others say that in order
to improve yield, we need to make agriculture more extensive. A third camp might argue that we don’t need
to increase agricultural yield/production at all because we currently produce
enough food to feed something like 12 billion people (30-50% gets wasted from
field to fork and the current storage and distribution systems are totally
inept and unjust). Again in my interview
with Dr. Deen, he claimed that in Ladakh, “we are only using 10,000 hectares of
land in the whole of Leh region (112 villages) and total cultivable land is
45,000 hectares (with less than 20% being cultivated). The main limitation is water – the Indus
River runs for about 500 km where it starts in Tibet and goes out to Pakistan,
through Ladakh but only about 4 villages within 20 km use the water. The river is practically useless to us
because it cuts deep down below [running through valleys] and the villages are
located high up. It is difficult to
transport the water to higher elevations, so all the other villages depend on
the snow glaciers. This is why there is
a lot of barren land – 25,000 hectares (62,500 acres), especially in Changtang,
Nubra etc. Water wise, we have potential
for future that all 45,000 hectares can be used [if we can develop the
technology and tap into the existing hydropower to lift the water].”
·
Changing
demographics and urbanization (i.e. how to make farming appealing to younger generations)
·
Sonam Anchuk (SECMOL): “Agriculture is dying
because young people are leaving the villages to the cities – they want a white
collar life. Agriculture is left in the
hands of older generations and it is social and cultural inertia that maintain
the green fields (there is a stigma attached to barren fields), but this isn’t
enough to keep farming going. Today,
labor is imported from Nepal and Bihar (paid migrant workers); this is not how
agriculture is going to survive. If
nothing changes in the next 10-20 years, then there will be a critical
mass/shift away from farming and a cascading/domino effect of people in
villages giving up farming.
[Agriculture] doesn’t make any economic sense: they invest and lose
money in agriculture; they make money from tourism and army and then pay this
money into labor and farming – it’s not sustainable. And with the public distribution system (of
subsidized grains), it also doesn’t make economic sense because you can get cheap
food…And now parents are discouraging children to stay on the farm. There are people in the younger generation
who have been educated and do want to come back, but previous development
agencies and experts did their jobs so well that previous generations were made
to hate farming, soil, dirt etc. – now they are discouraging their children –
parents were brainwashed and are now blocking the future of farming.” Many of my interviewees echoed this sentiment
by saying that it is the responsibility of the parents to instill in their
children a sense of value around agriculture (and potentially promoting it as a
livelihood). This creates a difficult
situation, however, since many parents want what’s “better” for their children.
·
Zubair Ahmad (LOFF) is collaborating with the
Lamdon School and teaching students about his work. He facilitates student to his organization,
as one of his main objectives is to teach youth about organic and traditional
farming (including medicinal plants). In
the future, Zubair believes that the unemployment problem will worsen, so he
hopes that he can teach students how to go back to the land make a living out
of farming, with an emphasis on practical rather than theoretical
teaching. He also noted that “In Ladakh
region, farming is not encouraged or respected, but in my experience outside,
farming is respected. This will
encourage young people to get involved.
Instead people want to go into government. In the future, we have to teach young people
and encourage children to farm – respect and encouragement is most important.”
·
The Executive Councilor for Agriculture
realistically (and somewhat cynically) noted, “Once we are able to provide
marketing facilities to the people and people get handsome prices for
agriculture and horticulture products, then certainly people will come to work
for farming; people do everything for money.”
Similarly, Mr. Kalon said, “If farming becomes paying, then people will
come back to the land. It depends on how
remunerative it is. By choice, no one
comes back. If someone is very
committed, he’ll do it. But those people
are rare. Children don’t want to come to
the land. What future will you
find? The perception is that if you
don’t have a government job, you have no economic stability. Farming is tough; children don’t want to
work. In the past, we were content with
whatever we had. But now we know. People from Leh want to go to Delhi and then
to USA.”
·
Scale of agriculture in the
future – local versus global; commercial versus subsistence:
·
Commercial
export could be ideal for small farmers but right now the post-harvest
processing/storage and transportation-distribution systems are so poor that it
is not economically viable.
·
The future of agriculture and the potential to
scale up and institutionalize organic farming depends heavily on the
availability (and distribution) of organic manure in large quantities. For instance, the Ladakh government currently
subsidizes chemical fertilizers (though in rather miniscule amounts), but has
recently begun a plan to subsidize organic manure/compost creation and
distribution (mainly from the nomadic Changtang region near China where people
are still herding animals) and hopes to slowly phase out agrochemicals and
synthetic fertilizers. Ultimately, there
may be a law that bans them entirely. In
addition, LEHO has designed and implemented compost pits in many villages,
encouraging farmers to supplement natural fertilizers from food scraps and
field waste. The main issue is that with
changing lifestyles and urbanization, there is less livestock (fewer goats and
sheep) and the adoption of western-style toilets (in lieu of traditional
composting toilets, which fertilized the fields. And with regard to scale of organic
fertilizer production, Dr. Deen noted, “To me, the future won’t be like
everyone will rear sheep and goats. It
will be big farms; there’s potential. We
can have a farm of 10,000-15,000 animals.
If you go to Australia, you see farms with 30,000-40,000 sheep and
goats. This concept has to be brought in
because we have a lot of land; it’s possible and it will be easy. The future will be on that. And the manure is produced in one place, it
needs to be distributed and transported. ..Right now, the situation is that the
government needs to make policy. We made
this Egu-Fey irrigation canal; a lot of land there and when they distribute the
land, they do it only 1-2 hectares per family.
Instead of giving it to every family, they should make a policy that
gives larger land tracts to families that want to start a project. Alternatively, the government could lease
land for 50-60 years, subject to conditions that it would be used for agriculture
or animal production. Large scale with
mechanization. Another problem in Ladakh
is we are short of human labor. So we
have to look for a solution – there won’t be a way out for us unless we bring
mechanized agriculture. For example,
irrigation should be totally sprinkler.
Drip is very small scale, but sprinkler – you don’t need to treat the
land – better than flood irrigation. And
machines have to be there to use. If you
have mechanized agriculture, animal husbandry, along with large-scale size of
land – it’s going to be more economical.”
·
The Cooperative Society’s Mr. Kalon astutely noted
how, “Our big scale is your small scale.
Ladakhi farming is mainly subsistence: maximum land holding is about 1
hectare (2.5 acres), though the average is about 1.5 acres. Farmers who are growing commercially sell
their products in the market in Leh: 1200-1500 rupees ($20-25 USD) annually in
a short 5 month season. In our country,
that’s a lot by the national standard, we are quite prosperous. But first feeding the family, then selling
surplus for cash, has made women much more independent monetarily. Women are empowered because they are the ones
growing the vegetables and don’t have to depend on the male head of the family
if they can generate their own income.
The first preference of men is to go for the government. The perception is that if you’re not working
for the government, then you’re not looking out for your family. The government, then the army, then
agriculture.”
·
Sense of Place and Comparative
Advantage:
·
Ladakh
is home to a very unique agro-climatic system.
For instance, Dr. Deen said to me, “In Ladakh, the most difficult part
[of farming] is that it is very dry with little moisture (rain or snow) and
second it is very cold. Soil fertility
depends on the humus formation (organic matter) in the soil and for
decomposition, you need moisture and heat, both of which are lacking here. Thus, our soil has a very different situation
compared to the rest of the country, so using chemicals here would damage it
terribly, killing off beneficial organisms.”
Similarly, being a rain shadow desert, Ladakh’s dependence on glacial
melt water for irrigation creates a precarious situation with global climate
change. This demands meticulous
strategic planning and can only partially be addressed with temporary solutions
such as artificial glaciers.
·
In many cases, it seems that the economic
concept of comparative advantage should be applied to agriculture and of course
by nature, is very place-based. For
instance, several of my interviews and readings revealed that Ladakh should tap
into the certified seed production market.
Because the climate is dry and naturally pest-free, it’s ideal for the
reproduction and storage of seeds, which they could then commercially export to
other parts of India and abroad. Other
aspects of Ladakh’s comparative advantage include that the growing season is
the opposite of the rest of India, since Ladakh doesn’t experience the monsoon,
creating markets. Organic agriculture is
the longstanding tradition here, so farmers can avoid the transition period
from conventional farming, which is often time consuming and expensive. In essence, the agricultural system here
involves a high yield relative to low input.
And of course, there are niche products such as apricot, seabuckthorn
juice, and pashmina (cashmere) wool, which are produced ideally here and could have national and
international markets.
·
Development
in general (e.g. localization versus globalization; western-style growth)
·
According to Dr. Deen, “In every part of the
world, you can’t really completely remain aloof. You have to be part of the world because of
the technologies. The internet has
revolutionized everything. Today,
whatever you are doing, the information can be spread to the whole world. Good things have to be taken wherever they
are. The agriculture system, the social
system in the villages are very good, but some bad system as well. What we need is to look for those values that
have wisdom and those should be kept and continued in the village. Maybe it’s dress, food system, hygiene. But if that system is not good and we are
still doing it because ‘it’s traditional,’ we shouldn’t keep doing it. And you cannot have the same approach to
every place – you have to demarcate between them. Every place needs its own planning. That’s why most government plans fail because
they universalize.”
·
And an interesting and congruous perspective on
development from the 87 year old horticulturalist who was my neighbor while
living in Leh (one of the few truly elderly people I could communicate with in
Ladakh): “Before the 1960s and 1970s – people were happy in all of Ladakh: no
famine, no road, we were growing all of our own food, we were sending crops
(wheat and barley) to Tibet (now the road is closed and trading with central
Asia is restricted as well). After the
road and tourism, people are still happy but there is no limit for wealth
(people want to make money more and more and inside they aren’t happy). At that time, only a few people were wealthy
and most people were ‘poor’ but there was a system – people would give them
grains (rich people would give to others in villages) – 25% interest for seeds
and grains (before independence).”
·
Mr. Kalon from the Cooperative Society said “I
feel that I am a farmer not because it’s profitable but because someday I’ll
come back to this. [Agriculture] is not
compatible with the currency of the time.
But when your children work on the farm, they become much more hard
working. And in Leh, you’ll see people
who are pampering and spoiling their children.”
On the verge of 60 years old, Mr. Kalon also offered his opinion on
globalization and development in general: “Localization is very difficult. Globalization is such a strong force. Just look at Leh. People can’t use the stoves in their
ceremonial stoves because they don’t have fuel to burn in it. [Development] has to be a judicious mix. We cannot ignore western development because
it’s the seed of science. You can’t
ignore mechanization. But if you make a
judicious mix, then it would be wonderful.
It needs to be pursued cautiously, regulated, and everywhere, a wise
choice. There is no avoiding it. Even in our own traditions, many things that
aren’t good. You need to take the best
from the two [traditional Ladakhi and global, western development]. For example, western education that is rooted
here. Our education system is very
outmoded because it was introduced by the British at that time to produce clerks. Not like the American system [with
assessments and critical thinking], ours is about rote memorization and exams
once a year. Indian system used to be
like learning holy scriptures and spitting them back out.” When I asked him what life was like before
the road in the 1960s and foreign tourism in the 1970s, he observed, “change
has been very drastic and us Ladakhis, we are going through cultural
shock.” He used the colorful analogy of
going from a cow pulled cart, to a bicycle, to a bus, to a train, to a car and
how “We couldn’t have conceived of an airplane.” Furthermore, “It’s like putting boiling water
in a cold glass, sometimes it breaks. We
are very confused. Ladakh has seen a
very temporary and transient prosperity.
But prosperity is not development.
We’ve lost our capacities, the rural survival skills. And young people don’t have them…It’s very
precarious. Ladakh is a frontier
area. Precarious with Chinese and
Pakistani. Very suspicious, they suspect
the foreigners. Our development is
infrastructure, buildings, buying cars, but what about the effort to increase
food production and bringing barren land under cultivation? Every one of us is responsible. What we normally call education is getting
literate in science and computers, but education is overall development that is
lacking. Traditional Ladakh is a joint
family system, an emotional support system.
Today the old man is discard, not looked up to for wisdom.” He went onto explain his views on the future
of farming in the context of development: “Because once you’re in the farm, you don’t lose the virtue
of hard work. Staying on the farm is
very healthy. You have to look at it
holistically. You don’t have to go to
maintain your health – work becomes exercise.
You know what you’re eating.
Money-wise, it may not pay well but holistically, you’re better
off. If I earn 1 LAC (100,000 R) in
Delhi but 20,000 here, I’m, better off here.
Quality of time. I’ve been to
Europe and found the life very hellish.
I visited a farm in the Alps and we were all bureaucrats from the
developing country. And we were all
like, ‘so this is called development?’
And I was skeptical because the owner of the farm didn’t look very
happy. He had about 300 cows. He looked stressed and then he has so many
cows and pastureland stretching for miles and I said, ‘how is it?’ And he said ‘it’s very difficult.’ Every year he has to upgrade, change
machinery, take out loans. And diagrams
with nutrient content for milk (e.g. calcium this much, sodium, fat etc.). He said it’s difficult to sustain it. And he pointed out a farmer that couldn’t pay
the bank loan, so his land was forfeited to the bank. In Ladakh, the maximum I would have is 6-7
dzos, which are good for grazing and milk fat.
And I would be playing my flute.
I don’t worry about the bank. If
my one cow doesn’t give a calf this year, I’m not worried, it’ll come next
year. This farmer’s economic condition
is very good but his worry and stress is high.
What is this man looking for?
Contentedness and happiness?
After seeing both, I think I would choose my life. I went in 2000 and went twice. Everybody is running around and no one is
cooking, people go to metros and get munching fast food. To me, it doesn’t appeal. It depends upon mindset. This is the plight that I’ve seen. Even in Delhi, I couldn’t have this kind of
leisure. If I had a job in the private
company, I would be returning by 9 o’clock.
No time for the family. You
shouldn’t have a family if you can’t devote your time to children. What are you working for? With very few belongings, I would be happy
here. You can talk to people. Do you think you would have this much time in
your country? Time is a luxury. I used to think it’s a common thing, but when
I look at the west, I realize it’s a luxury and other people are missing
it. I know a lot of Ladakhi people that
think I am a foolish person. I have the
scope to build a hotel, but I wouldn’t go for that profession. It’s my choice that I’ve become a farmer. I couldn’t be better off anywhere. My children, I taught them to work very hard
in the field, and this work ethic will transfer to their studies also. Keep them frugal, don’t spoil them, and teach
them about managing money. People in
Ladakh spoil their children, especially in Leh town, villages are better
off. If you don’t have a hard time, you
can’t prepare your children.”
So to reflect on my time in Ladakh, I can say with great
certainty that this place will not leave me.
I intend to come back in the future, hopefully with family and friends
to share in the beauty and magic. Unlike
Tanzania, I feel a deep “sense of place” with Ladakh – the idea that I have
become an inhabitant, not just a resident.
Because it is only one small portion of India, an enormous country, I
have gotten to know it intimately: it’s history, climate, geography,
agriculture system, religion, culture, etc.
Although I did not grasp the language, I was able to communicate
satisfactorily with most people and if I return, I want to work hard to learn
the language more. And this may be very
superficial, but on some level, I felt like I fit in because I look slightly
Ladakhi or at least Tibetan. Unlike in
Tanzania where I most definitely stood out, here I feel like I can blend in a
bit. I know people are even more
confused about my identity, questioning if I am Ladakhi, Tibetan, Japanese etc.
and when I reveal that I am from the United States, it elicits quizzical looks
and questions. I then go on to explain
my background (born in China, adopted, my parents are American, blah blah
blah). People react differently but I’ve
gotten used to explaining myself. In
some ways, it makes me more cognizant of my own identity on a daily basis. Though now that I am back to the rest of
India, I no longer enjoy the privilege of fitting in. Try as I might (I bought a sari and traditional
looking pant/shirt combination), I do not look Indian. Alas, the comfort of Ladakh was short lived
but not easily forgotten.
View of Leh from the Palace
Quite a climb
Overlooking Leh
Buddhist prayer flags and houses in the mountains
Sunset
Walking home...
The balangs (cows) got into the garden...not a good thing, but I couldn't resist the opportunity to photograph them!